Geographical Processes relevant to Coastal Management

Some processes associated with coastal management include hydaraulich action, corrosion, corrasion, longshore drift and dune stabilisation. Hydraulich action is the erosion caused by the constant friction of water moving over a surface. Corrosion is the breaking down of a material which can happen to rocks on the coast due to erosion etc. Corrasion is the erosion of rocks due to objects like sand being dragged over it by water. Longsore drift is the movement of sand deposits along a beach due to water currents on the beach. Dune stabilisation stabilises a dune from erosion in a process of increasing plant life on the dune.

US military access agreements

1. The US and Australia are currently agreeing on the giving of the US military more access to our military bases. This will result in a lot more US Austrlian military cooperation.
2. They are meeting at the AUSMIN summit.
3. The US are positioning their forces around the world and specifically in Australia and South East Asia in response to China's militirisation.
4. The US is hoping to set up forces in Northern Australia so as to have more troops based near South East Asia.
5. Other areas of discussion are the Joint Strike Fighter project and the posibility of stationing nuclear subs in North Australia.
6. The agrement further increases Australia and America's position in the region and strengthens their ability to react to a military conflict with China. it also allows for Australia and America to have a more adaptive role in the Asia Pacific region.

Go back to where you came from

• The show go back to where you came from showed me an in depth view of the refugee issue and the situation they're in when they choose to get on the boat

• 7%
• Because they haven't arrived with the proper paperwork and if are let in may encourage others to arrive thinking Australia is an easy country to migrate to and to get a better life in. this could cause a surge of people arriving from third world countries and many Australians would be against that. This is why it is such a delicate matter and one argued in parliment a lot.

• 18th
• As Australia is a first world nation with a small population, lots of space and lots of resources we should be helping to take on more refugees so they can have better lives.

• Refugees and Australian citizens resieve the same amount of benefits
• 11
• Because Malaysia has not signed the refugee convention the Malaysian government has full control of the refugees in Malaysia. if the government said refugees in Malaysia had no rights or were illegal then that would be the case.

Trade in ASEAN

1. To create regular reforms in the region to boost economic growth and increase trade for the countries involved
2. Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia is an institute desdicated to look at economic reform and integration in the region
3. ASEAN Economic Community is a comunity within ASEAN of countries that have economic ties with eachother
4. Transport, services, investment facilitation are the three key areas looked at at the conference
5. The group plans to meet once a year to discuss the plans
6. They wish to put all the regulatory reforms made by the members into a knowledge bank
7. I think the chairman is Adrian S. Cristobal who is the Trade Undersecretery from the Phillipines. The Phillipines GDP is now $161.2 billion US which is small compared to Australias $924.84 billion US
8. I think economic integration is where different countries regulate their laws so that trade can pass between them easier
9. This should be good for Australia as it means Australian buisnesses would find it easier to set up overseas as well as other countries setting up here. This should help stabilise all our economies and make more money in the region.

Australia/US alliance

1. Stephen Smith is the defence minister in the Australian government and is in charge with matters relating to Australias defence and armed forces
2. The Brookings institute is an American organisation made to find ways to strengthen American democracy, foster economic and social welfare and secure a more open, safe, prosperous and cooperative international system
3. Austrlia's security arrangements rely heavily on the US for the nations defence against any invasion or large war. Strategicaly the US needs Australia to back it in Iraq, Afghanistan and other places in the Middle East as well as giving it a base of operations in South East Asia.
4. Australia is in the perfect spot for America to set up navy stop off points bridging the gap between the Pacific and the Indian oceans. It is also a good spot to keep an eye on developing powers like China, India and Indonesia in a stable environment
5. In the past 50 years Australia has supported this alliance by fighting in the Korean war, the Vietnam war, the first and second Gulf wars as well as giving them access to various test ranges and bases.
6. There are 9000 companies who work within the US and have an average wage of $63490
7. He uses this to highlight the point that Australia helps the US as much as the US helps Australia economically
8. America is the superpower supporting Australias interests in the region and is a large deterant to anti-Australian regimes in the region
9. Australia is trying to foster closer ties with the US which will help with Australias global goals
10. As Australia is an important Western democracy in the region its ties with the worlds most powerful democracy and largest economy will help us foster relationships with other countries and protect us from attack

1. The US wants to build military bases in Northern Auustralia and have more access to Australias military ranges. This will help build the relationship between Australia and the US as well as working as a deterant to other nations
2. The agreement will help with training exercises between our forces and will help battlefield coordination in places like Afganistahn and Iraq

Immigration

1. Australia and Malaysia have signed a deal in which 800 asylum seekers in Australia will be sent to Malaysia in return for 4000 UN approved refugees
2. They will have access to education, work and will not be caned
3. Illegal immigrants in Malaysia are normally not allowed to work and can be jailed
4. They may not be sent but it is still possible and the government aren't giving any promises
5. The Asylum seekers who have arrived after 7th May 2011 are to be processed in Australia
6. Refugees advocates are afraid the asylum seekers may not be given full human rights in Malaysia as they have not signed the UN resolutions and may be caned
7. It is designed to slow down the amount of boats arriving in Australia as they may be sent to Malaysia instead
8. The deal may not work if people decide that they may as well go for it and see what they get or they might see the 500+ asylum seekers who are staying and think they can make it

Diplomatic relations

1. Kevin Rudd is the Foriegn Minister and is responsible for Australias diplomatic relations with other countries
2. Kevin Rudd is concerned that North Korea'a long range nuclear missile campaign is a threat to Australia and that North Korea needs to re-engage with reality
3. He expressed his concerns in the ASEAN regional forum where countries from South East Asia come to discuss relations
4. Recent events like North Korea torpedoing a South Korean warship, shelling a South Korean island and continuing with a nuclear program prohibited by the UN security council
5. The threat of North Australia being in range of North Koreas long range nuclear missiles is a direct threat says Kevin Rudd
6. By doing this he is trying to put pressure on North Korea to calm down and aligning our selves with our allies the USA and South Korea over the matter. It is also promoting Australia as a more dominant country in the region by taking more of a leadership role
7. By blaming North Korea for the stability problems in the region he puts us on the side of our Allies the USA, South Korea and Japan over the matter, and tells them whose side were on if further acion is needed.

Australian Aid

Article summary

• by 2015 we will be spending $8 billion a year on aid
• spending money on aid may not be a good thing as world poverty is decreasing rapidly
• the developing world now has some of the worlds largest economies
• giving money to Indonesia for schools isn't needed as their GDP is larger than ours and they can afford it
• instead of being happy about Indonesia no longer needing our aid we choose to ignore it

The writer makes many valid points about Australias aid program, though world poverty is decreasing the aid we give to other countries is increasing. There are some points though that he misses, when he talks about Indonesia's GDP he must remeber that this doesn't reflect the amount of money put on schools and that even if Indonesia didn't spend money on schools it doesn't nessesarily mean they're spending on less important things. Also when he talks about PNG and says even though we've been giving money to PNG for 40 years they are still no closer to economic sustainibility. The aid we give to PNG isn't meant t make PNGs economy stable but to help the nation's population which a lot of live in small self sustaining villages not used to making money for themselves. I agree that giving too much aid without enough thought doesn't neccessarily cure poverty but aid is still an important thing to do to sustain people not as fortunate as ourselves.

3. Giving more aid to countries like Indonesia and India help us maintain close relations with these countries especially as they are becoming major players on the world stage. Indonesia especially as they (along with China) are our biigest rivals in the region.
Other countries like PNG and islands in the pacific lack a means for many of the population to making a sustainible income. Many other rich nations look after poorer ones in their regions and it could damage our relations with them if we didn't do the same. PNG was part of Australia until 1975 and if we don't look after them then many would see it as a breach of trust and wouldn't trust us later on. Islands in the pacific may aline themselves with Indonesia and may be more hostile to Australian buisness interests.
Giving more aid will help with all these things with only a minor cost to an already rich nation.

1. There is a high pressure system over Australia which means it will most likely be sunny in the capital cities over the next 4 days
2.  City                             Day1   Day2  Day3  Day4
     Sydney/Canberra         1016   1020   1016  1017
     Melbourne                   1024   1027   1016  1016
     Brisbane                      1016   1016   1017  1016
     Perth                           1016   1024   1024  1016

1. the conour interval is 20ft which is roughly 8m
2. 1.5cm=1mile   1.5cm= 1.605km
3. 3.6 degrees

Sarajevo

The city I have chosen to do is Sarajevno which is 560 years old and is the capital of the relativel new country of Bosnia and Heregovina which formed in 1992. It's population according to Wikipedia is 310605. I chose this image to introduce Sarajevo as it gives a sense of how historiacal the city is and shows its religious demographics with many mosques, orthodox churches and synogogues.

Sarajevo geography situates it in between several mountains with the Miljacka river flowing through it as seen in this image. Sarajevo is 500m above sea level and has an average temperature of 9.5C year round.

Sarevo's position in a valley means it is very compact with few highways. The streets are usually very narrow and primarily used by pedestrians. Sarajevo has a tram system (seen above) that has been operating since 1885 as well as numerous bus routes. The cities transportation infrastructure is currently having major upgrades.

Sarajevo was besieged from 1992 to 1995 during the Bosnian war. During this time the city was witness to huge amounts of destruction and large population shifts. The above is a picture of the Bosnian parliment after being hit by Serbian tank fire. During the war the city lost almost 100,000 from its population. The surrounding hills are still covered in mines and unexpolded munitions.

Sarajevo is now almost fully recovered from the war and is fast becoming a tourist destination for its culture and attrations such as this the Avaz Twist Tower. The skie slopes near Sarajevo have recently been cleared of all explosive ordnances. It is one of the richest cities in the region and is a highly recommended travel location by Lonely Planet. The average GDP in Sarajevo is 133% the Yugoslav average.

Draft 2

Urban consolidation can cause large hostility from the locals in the area being consolidated. At the moment Kuringai in Sydneys North Shore is being heavily consolidated by Meriton apartments. Places that used to be suburban houses have turned into huge apartment complexes to the anger of locals. The locals in the area have even started their own protest group "Not So High In Kuringai". They are against the proposed 10,000 dwellings to be built by 2031 and want to stop the developments at 6000. They have staged rallies and have sent a list of demands to their local MP. They continued protesting for several years but the planned developments are still going ahead.

Other planned consolidation developments in Warriwood valley have been opposed by both the residents and the council. Though the developments have been approved by the State government and highly recommended by the Planning and Development Comission the locals don't want their area to become medium or high density.  Warriwood Valley has already experienced large housing developments but several 4 storey apartmant blocks have been approved. Warriwood Valley was mostly swamp 15 years ago but has changed from a semi-rural area into an area containing the housing development. Locals ans the council are holding several meetings on the matter and it is believed that the development may be stopped now that the Coalition is in power.

The effectiveness of urban consolidation in Kuringai is succeeding in its goal of housing more people in that area and the apartments are being filled with people almost as soon as they are built. Though the locals are greatly against these highdensity areas the consolidation of the area is working. Warriwood is may not have it's flats but the housing development have greatly increased the population of the area though this could be called sprawl. It becomes a balance between the locals wants and the citieis neeeds for more homes.

draft

A world city can bring in people in from all over the world to live in multicultural society that can cater for them. Sydney's population is growing over 4.5 million putting pressure on space and infrastructure.. Over the next 30 years the population of Sydney will increase by 40600 people per year. This new influx of people is expected to need 640000 new homes, 500000 new jobs, 7500 hectares of industrial space, 6.8 million square metres of land and 3.7 million square metres of retail space. These are expected to put a huge strain on the cities infrastructure and land causing urban planners to come up with new ideas on urban development.

The solution used in Sydney during most of the 20th century has been urban sprawl. Urban sprawl is where a city move outwards to cater for the population expansion, expanding with the people, needing more and more infrastructure to ferry people to the urban centers. Over the time the Western Suburbs of Sydney have grown from small towns unconnected from Sydney to huge suburbs such as Parramtta and Liverpool. These suurbs are now becoming cities in themselves and are filling up. Huge housing developments are being set up further and further West and the Sydney basin will soon run out of space. Urban sprawl is no longer an effective management plan for Sydney.

The new plan that has been used by other cities like New York for decades is Urban Consolidation. Urban Consolidation is the building up of land, instead of building outwards you build upwards to accomodate more people. Large apartment blocks and skyscrapers can house lot of people without using up too much land. Housing lots of people in a small area is cheaper and needs less infrastrucure from the government but is not as likeable by residents who prefer their own space rather than sharing it with others. This is what has happened in the CBD and incrasingly in the Western suburbs of Sydney.

Green Square

Green Square is an example of urban consolidation as it is near a populated area and is medium to high density living. It is to house 40,000 people and have 21,000 jobs in the area by 2031. It will help the economy and allow more people to live in  a relatively close distance to the city. Problems can be a large increase in population and can cause congestion in an already congested area.

Jordon Springs

1. Jordon Springs is an example of urban sprawl as it is being built in a cleared space away from the city center.
2. It may be bad for the community as it takes away parkland but can also be good bringing more residents and buisness. For Sydney it helps by taking people away from the city and helps ease congestion there. It helps Australia by providing jobs in the construction industry, building more homes for the increasing population and is environmentally friendly.

9.1

1. Where a cities population has spread out into low density living around the city
2. Where the population of the city is very compacted
3. a country with more population in cities and towns than rural areas
4. 65% of the population are in state capitals, 92% live in urban areas and population density in cities is quite high
5. The ubundance of water
6. how many people live in an area. A small area with a large number of people is consolidation and the opposite is rural
7. we have less population density than in most cities
8. Urban consolidation has less need for road works and public transport while urban sprawl usually increases electricity and fossil fuel usage due to the further distances needed to travel
9. Urban planners have had to be inventive to the needs of urban sprawl

suburbs

5 MOST EXPENSIVE
1. Darling Point
2. Dawes Point
3. Point Piper
4. Milsons Point
5. Cabarita
All these suburbs are on the harbour and near the CBD

5 LEAST EXPENSIVE
1. Carramar
2. Warwick Farm
3. Cabramatta
4. Lakemba
5. Ambarvale
All out west, away from the water

7.8

1.

2.

3. The local community help plant the trees and take out the weeds on the dunes. they use the paths and educate tourists on the project

4. it allows the Macleay river to remain fresh water and allows people to build along the river and use it as a recreational area

5. the plants on the beach become larger and the bush thicker the further inland you go. On the incipent dune there are grasses and on the foredune you begin to get bushes and on the hind dune you begin to get trees.

6. the roots of the plants prevent the sand from flying away as well as providing a wind shield

7. cattle grazing on the dune destroyed all stabilizing vegetation

8. the removal of the vegetation means the sand can drift away and the dune would gradually be destroyed and the river would have now protection from the ocean

9. the groups involved in the project include; Macleay Shire council, Department of public works, Department of Lands and the Soil Conservation Service of NSW.

10. the steps involved are; creation of a foredune, planting grasses like spinifex and gradually planting larger species like banksia and samll gums

11.

12. if you look at the maps you can see how if the wind was coming from the South the longshore drift would've pushed the sand up against the headland eventually silting over the opening.

13. a) the sand dunes are pretty much completely stabilised and are not blowing away thanks to the vegetation
b) the vegetation hold the dune in place allowing the fresh water ecosystem to be protected from the salt water and the waves
c) anyone who lives on the lake now no longer have to fear the possibility of wave erosion as well as keeping the spot nice and pretty helps the tourist industry

14. Do I do this one?



7.6 questions

1. The breakwaters of the Tweed River entrance began to buildup with sand which spilled into the entrance. The short term fix was to extend the breakwater.
2. The longshore drift across the river opening could not have replenished the beaches after severe erosion
3. The longshore drift had caused sand to begin to settle over the river mouth as a sandbar preventing ships entering the river
4. The dredging of the river was one of many short term solution others could have included extending the breakwater again, widening and deepening the opening and building a proper port entrance
5. It takes the sand building up on oneside of the breakwater and pumps it across to the other side so the natural process of longshore drift can continue.
6. The TRESB project allows an almost complete recreation of the natural process of longshore drift which prevents erosion on beaches and the blocking of the river mouth. This to me proves it's success as a strategy
7.

 8. In 1962 Durubah beach the right side of the beach droops into the river opening and shallow water is visible around the opening. In 1969 the beach no longer droops at one end and is wider, the breakwater has cleared the opening and no shallow water is visible in the opening. In 1994 the beach is much wider, the waves are larger. The opening is clear and plants meant to stabilise the sand dunes are visible.
9. The break water was probably 50m in 1962 and 250m in 1994.

TRESB project

In the 1950s the Tweed River entrance on thge southern Gold Coast began to close up from sand deposition. This caused a problem to the ships entering and leaving the port. In 1962 the government built breakwaters either side of the entrance to stop this build up. This short term solution was already showing weaknesses in 1965 when they had to extend it further. This would prove a bad mistake.

the Tweed River entrance

The breakwaters stopped the process of longshore drift cuasing buildup on the breakwater which would then extend past the barriers increasing the speed of the entrance silting up. The breakwater solution was not a viable one and the entrance had to be continually dredged to stop it from clogging up. This was an expensive solution and a new long term solution was needed.

The Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Project was started in an attempt to stop the buildup of sand on the breakwater and transfer it to the beach beyond the entrance to the river. This is done by pumping sand from the breakwater, under the Tweed River and back out and onto the beach. In March 2001 it was operational.

One critiscism of the project is that the beaches of the Gold Coast are now much wider and that the legendary break at Kirra beach has now completely dissapeared. It is said that the beaches will return to their natural state in a few years. It is still a negative effect for the surfing community in the area but is still considered a success by the government in allowing shipping from free access to the port.

Waves

Pre-viewing
1. Ocean waves are normally started by wind blowing up big swells though they can also be caused by currents and the tide

2. how to use a surfboard and what to do when your stuck in a rip

Questions for video
1. Most of the waves and especially Mavericks are spilling breakers that cause barrels and are liked by surfers.

2. Most waves are formed by winds out at see which then transfer the energy as swells. They are normally measured by wave hight, period and wave length.

3. The Maverick wave is formed when the wind blows waves to shore at a certain angle so they go over the extremely shallow reef shelf causing the wave to pop up, losing minimal energy.

4. The energy in a wave is stored by circular motions in the wave that continue down to the ocaean floor. When the wave hits shallow water that energy is then forced up causing a wave.

5. Respect the wave and try and grab a ride before it crashes on top of you.

Qiantang Tidal Bore

The Quiantang tidal bore has the Guiness world Record for the worlds largest tidal bore. It has been known to reach up 8.9m in hight and speeds up to 4km/h. Tidal Bores are becoming more popular among the surfing community as they are very large and can go up rivers up to 10km. Tidal bores are made by the tide when the moon is in the best position. It is celebrated locally during the Tidal Bore watching festival on the 18th day of the Chinese Lunar Calender.

7.4

1. 85% of Australians live within 50km of the coast meaning that they are constantly being used by our population.
2. So the population may continually use the coasts for recreation and business (ie. Tourism)
3. It is a common belief that to move to the sea from inland results in a more relaxing away from crazy cities. This is known as sea change.
4. Small towns on the coast who have had large amounts of people move there from the cities have set residential caps so as to stop overdevelopment.
5. -
6. Pollution affects are coasts in the form of storm drains washing rubbish and chemicals not far enough into the ocean so that they can be blown back onto our coastlines.
7. Development to close to sand dunes can cause increased erosion of the sand dunes and beach.
8. Over usage of the beach can cause sand degradation and destabilisation of the dunes causing increased erosion and less beach
9. Introduced plants used to stabilize sand dunes can overtake natives and not have the same stabilizing effect
6. Geographers discover the best way to help balance protecting coastlines and the viewpoints of others who want to develop or use it for activities such as boating so they can be continually used by the population.

Inception real life

first blog post

YAY!